Číslo 4

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https://dspace.tul.cz/handle/15240/19724

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An approach to measuring website quality in the rural tourism industry based on atanassov intuitionistic fuzzy sets
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Stanujkic, Dragisa; Zavadskas, Edmundas Kazimieras; Tamošaitienė, Jolanta; Ekonomická fakulta
Attracting new customers can be identified as one of the key roles websites play in the tourism and hotels industry that can be of special importance for less known tourist destinations, especially for rural tourism. However, some of current researches indicate that many first-time visitors spend a very short time on a particular webpage when accessing a particular website. Therefore, if we presume that the acquisition of new customers is one of the features of a website, such a website should be designed to obtain the attention of the first-time visitors and to keep them.Various elements of websites essential for obtaining the attention of website visitors and crucial for their satisfaction have been identified in numerous studies. As opposed to these studies, this paper focuses on designing a multiple criteria model that could realistically determine the quality of the website from the first-time visitors’ point of view. In order to form a realistic multiple criteria decision making model, the proposed approach is based on the use of a smaller number of criteria that are evaluated using Atanassov fuzzy sets. Also, in order to create a model which as simple as possible, based on Atanassov fuzzy sets, this approach uses the Singleton Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers.The use of the proposed approach for assessing the quality of some websites which promote tourist potentials of the Old Mountain indicates the applicability and efficiency of the proposed approach.Finally, with the proposed, or with some other, set of criteria, while retaining a relatively small number of criteria, the proposed approach can be successfully applied to the tourism and hotels industry, as well as to other areas, with the aim of determining the quality of the websites from the first-time visitors’ point of view.
Attitudes of managers towards disadvantaged groups on the labour market in the Slovak Republic.questionnaire survey results
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Pawera, René; Pazderová, Vladimíra; Šuplata, Marian; Ekonomická fakulta
Discrimination is a serious long-term problem, being faced by all parts of our society, including the labour market. This is particularly a case for some vulnerable groups who in search for an employment are facing serious problems.The aim of this paper is to focus on the current situation of disadvantaged groups on the labour market of the Slovak Republic from the point of view of managers of selected organisations. By the method of questionnaire survey of the managers we were examining their attitudes towards selected disadvantaged groups on the labour market. Furthermore we examined the motives of the managers in relation to the employment of selected candidates pointing to the discriminatory or non-discriminatory behaviour of managers on the Slovak labour market. In our research we also focus on the evolution of the labour market in terms of disadvantaged groups in order to identify whether any change of the situation of selected groups of participants on the labour market occurred. The purpose of our analysis also is to verify whether managers discriminate selected groups of participants on the labour market intentionally and whether there exists any shift in the perception of these groups by the managers.In order to fulfil this objective we conducted a questionnaire survey focused on selected managers of organisations, in two reference periods: 2008 and 2014.The target group of the survey was composed of both public and private companies that carry out their activities on the territory of the Slovak Republic during the period of conducting the research.
A comparison of educational mismatches across Europe
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Urbánek, Václav; Maršíková, Kateřina; Ekonomická fakulta
Research undertaken during the last few years illustrates a major mismatch between educational systems worldwide and occupations in the labour market. The literature focuses both on educational and job mismatches however the aim of this paper is to compare only the situation concerning educational mismatches. For the aim of this paper, two large sets of international data were chosen to show effects of educational mismatch. In the first part, selected results of PIAAC survey are presented. In the analytical part, data from European Social Survey ESS5 collected in the years 2010 and 2011 in selected EU countries were used. The first part of the paper provides a literature background presented so far (e.g. Dolton, Galasi, Hartog, Chevalier, Levels, and McGuinness etc.) as well as methods used to identify this mismatch both by employers and employees. The European Social Survey data were used for modified Mincer's earnings equation in the second part of the paper and regression estimates proved that overeducation is a very important issue in all developed countries. The results also introduce data on returns on investment in education based on the human capital theory which helps to explain overeducation and undereducation differences in earnings taking into account different circumstances as e.g. variation in informal human capital and skill of workers, their abilities acquired in on-the-job training and also other overeducation and undereducation considered as a temporary phenomenon. It is a great challenge to the relevance of more investment in education. Even though the current situation in educational policies supports an increasing number of university graduates, both the graduates and employers have to face a misbalance on the labour market and lower individual satisfaction. The results confirm the findings of some of previous studies and offer a platform for further discussion of educational mismatch across Europe.
Cost-benefit analysis: too often biased
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Vejchodská, Eliška; Ekonomická fakulta
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is widely applied in many countries in evaluating public projects and regulatory instruments. It is employed, for example, as a basis for decisions within the European Union’s subsidy policy. CBA enables to express the comprehensive effect of a project or a governmental regulation on social welfare and thereby to introduce expertise to political decision-making. However, its practical applications face many problems. Different methodological choices in performing CBA enable to obtain diametrically opposite conclusions. Moreover, the way how investors apply for EU Fund subsidies encourages CBA performers to adjust CBA results to requirements of subsidy applicants. The unavoidable consequence is frequently mendacious, unreliable and misleading CBA. The paper brings an overview of the flexibility in CBA methodological choices. It further focuses on analysing the CBA performance practice in the area of CBA project appraisal for the purposes of applying for EU funding. We examine the reasons for manipulating results using a theoretical analysis and support our findings by our own empirical survey among CBA performers. As our survey among commercial CBA performers uncovers, many entities performing CBA lack expert background for CBA performance and performed CBA are often biased and misleading. Our theoretical analysis shows its main reason: The person choosing and remunerating the CBA performer for the purposes of a project appraisal for EU funding is at the same time the subsidy applicant and thus with a clear interest in the optimistic result of the CBA. CBA performers are happy to oblige their customers. The remedy to this situation is to get rid of this unintentional alliance among CBA performers and subsidy applicants.
Does concentration of ownership and family control affect specialisation/diversification business strategies?
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Hernández-Trasobares, Alejandro; Galve-Górriz, Carmen; Ekonomická fakulta
The impact of family ownership on strategic decision-making and diversification in public corporations is an important but not clearly understood aspect of modern corporate governance. In many cases, large-block family owners of public corporations may have a great deal of input in strategic decision-making in large corporations. Previous literature investigates how ownership structure and diversification are connected, but conclusions are not homogeneous. Agency theory suggests that professional managers are fundamentally self-interested, and the public corporation diversifies because managers pursue their own interests, rather than the interest of shareholders. However in family firms, ownership and control use to coincide and family diversification decisions which causes a lower diversification. In this paper authors analyzes the impact of ownership concentration and the influence of ultimate owner’s nature of business group (family or non-family) in diversification's decision: specialization, related diversification, unrelated diversification and mixed diversification (when a company uses both related and unrelated diversification) Based on a sample of ninety-nine Spanish listed companies during the years 2000–2005, and using the listed company an their subsidiaries (pyramidal group) as unit of analysis, this research finds: firstly, the highest ownership concentration increases the adoption of specialization strategies and reduce the mixed diversification; Secondly, attending to ultimate owner’s nature, family firms adopt more strategies of specialization and related diversification, and less diversification strategies than non-family firms; Finally, results also show behaviour differences in family firms according to ownership concentration’s degree: an increasing ownership concentration’s degree in family firms rises the probability of diversification.
The effect of the exchange rate on industry-level trade flows in Czechia
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Šimáková, Jana; Stavárek, Daniel; Ekonomická fakulta
This paper is the first study to use the disaggregated data of the Czech foreign trade to examine the effect of exchange rate levels and volatility on trade flows. Czechia is the appropriate economy to study this phenomenon because it is heavily involved in foreign trade predominantly owned by international investors and has been applying a floating exchange rate arrangement for many years. We analyze the period from 1993 to 2013 and disaggregate the data according to trading partner and product category. While the effect of exchange rate level is examined by a modified vector error correction model the effect of exchange rate volatility is analyzed through an extended gravity model. The detailed results obtained from empirical estimations clearly show that the relationship between exchange rates and foreign trade in Czechia does not completely correspond with the theoretical assumptions. We revealed that domestic currency depreciation worsens in the long-term trade balance in substantial parts of the Czech foreign trade, such as in the trade of machinery and transport equipment with Germany, Austria and France. The classical J-curve effect was confirmed only for the trading of beverages and tobacco with Italy and for the trading of manufactured goods with Slovakia. We also found that an increased exchange rate volatility does not necessarily reduce foreign trade turnover, as the results for crude materials, fuels, chemical and manufactured products indicate. By contrast, the theoretical expectation of negative impact of volatility was validated for machinery, transport equipment, food and animals. Therefore, although Czechia is a small, open economy, the exchange rate effects on foreign trade significantly differ in magnitude and direction across the trading partners and product groups.
An evaluation of selected assets and their impact on the declarative characteristic of ratio indicators in financial analyses
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Pur, David; Jáčová, Helena; Horák, Josef; Ekonomická fakulta
A company’s financial performance is essential when investors compare its competitive position to determine how attractive it is. That is why performance needs to be evaluated from both the qualitative and quantitative points of view. The classical financial approach to measuring a company’s performance based on past results is no longer sufficient; it needs to be complemented with a non-financial measurement method. This paper focuses on financial analysis, which is one of the tools used for assessing the performance and financial status of companies. The current individual financial analysis indicators must be processed taking into account the influences that potentially affect and distort the results, as well as with their comparability over time and within a single accounting unit or among individual companies. As far as financial analysis is concerned, attention has to be paid to the method used for evaluating assets and liabilities, as this issue greatly affects the informative utility of financial statements and the final data relevant to income from operations, which are the input data for processing individual financial indicators. After that the paper deals with the research that was focused on companies located in the Czech Republic. The aim of the research was to analyse the methods of measurement of financial performance use the Czech companies. Another important task is to plot the approach used by companies to conduct financial analysis in the Czech Republic. It should illustrate whether companies process such analysis independently and regularly using their in-house information systems and identify the most commonly- assessed indicators. It is important that companies process their financial statements so that they can subsequently be assessed and compared over time while maintaining adherence to the same accounting procedures.
Financing craft enterprises associated in the polish craft association
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Foltys, Joachim; Dębicka-Ozorkiewicz, Grażyna; Królczyk, Jolanta B.; Hiadlovský, Vladimír; Ekonomická fakulta
This article concerns functioning of small and medium enterprises and in particular: craft ones. In the sector structured European Union, the abovementioned stand for 80–95% of the existing companies and moreover, they generate the biggest number of job positions and the national income. The article focuses on a selected part of SME sector: craft enterprises and especially, on financing their activities. This financing relates to both, financing craft businesses’ investments and their current operations. In the first part of the text one presents a literary query concerning the definition of a craft enterprise and the resulting from its characteristic functioning: conception and tools for financing investments and current operations of craft enterprises. In the second part, one demonstrates the results of researches on the conception and the tools for financing craft enterprises functioning on the Polish market. In the summary of the article one demonstrates conclusions concerning the ways of maintenance and (in many cases innovative) changes of the conception and the tools for financing craft enterprises. The element congruous with the basic topic of the article relating to the current functioning of a craft enterprise in the real environment (both: inner and outer one), is its functioning in the digital surrounding (including with regard to the conception of financing activities), which correlates with the dynamic development of ICT technologies. The aforementioned development together with digitalization determines many aspects of craft enterprisesfunctioning; also the ones connected with financing tools and conceptions. Referring to the things stated, it is clear that ICT technologies should be taken into account in enterprise's current activities and in other aspects of its functioning e.g. communication, as well as eservices it provides and receives.
Impact of environmental taxes on sustainable energy development in baltic states, Czech republic and Slovakia
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Štreimikienė, Dalia; Ekonomická fakulta
Environmental taxes have direct impact on sustainable energy development as energy production and consumption is the major source of GHG and classical pollutants emissions. There are number of EU member states which are using environmental pollution taxes as the main economic instrument of atmospheric air pollution reduction. The energy sector is the main source of atmospheric pollution therefore environmental taxes should have direct impact on sustainable energy development as these taxes create incentives to reduce consumption of fossil fuels and to switch to renewables and cleaner fossil fuels such as natural gas. The comparative study of environmental taxes and indicators of sustainable energy sector development in Baltics and Czech Republic and Slovakia was performed to assess what role environmental taxes are playing in achieving sustainable energy development in selected new EU member states.Analysis of environmental taxes in three Baltic States and Czech Republic indicated quite different energy and pollution tax rates as well as quite large differences in the share of environmental tax revenues as percentages of GDP in these countries. Estonia distinguishes with the best results in greening environmental tax system and one of the best results in achieving sustainable energy development targets. Latvia has one of the lowest share of environmental taxes as percentage of GDP and has very high shares of renewables in electricity generation and in final energy consumption however it is more related with favourable climate conditions and well developed hydro power plants.
The influence of gender on financial decisions: evidence from small start-up firms in spain
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Hernandez-Nicolas, Carmen Maria; Martín-Ugedo, Juan Francisco; Mínguez-Vera, Antonio; Ekonomická fakulta
The presence of women in management positions in companies is one of the topics that have generated the most interest and controversy over recent years. This has also been the case in Spain, where several legal initiatives have promoted the presence of women on decision-making bodies of companies. These important and pioneering legislative initiatives focus on the recommendation of positive discrimination in favour of women in large firms. This measure is justified not only for reasons of ethics or social justice, but also for the purposes of efficiency and rational economic behaviour. These laws have created an open debate in Spain and in other countries where they have been enacted and they have attracted the attention of researchers. In this context, the majority of the studies have attempted to analyse the effect of gender diversity among top managers on corporate performance of listed firms. On the contrary, this paper analyses the influence of gender on some financial decisions, using a sample of 12,376 Spanish small and micro start-up firms. Unlike previous papers, this manuscript examines not only the level of debt but also the cost and maturity of the debt. To control the endogeneity of the variables, a system of simultaneous equation with Three Stage Least Squares methodology is employed. The results show that companies run by women and boards with gender diversity tend to borrow less, have lower costs for debt and longer term debt, reinforcing the hypothesis that females are more risk averse. These results are robust for diverse measures of gender diversity (the presence of a woman as CEO, the percentage of female directors and Blau and Shannon diversity indexes).
The intensity of the expression of mobbing in employees’ relations at lithuanian organizations
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Vveinhardt, Jolita; Štreimikienė, Dalia; Ekonomická fakulta
The authors presents general review of the literature, presents the results of the empirical research on the expression intensity of mobbing in employees’ relations in organizations. The expression of mobbing in employees’ relations has been identified in the organizations of different activity type. The expression of mobbing in employees’ relations has been identified in the organizations of different activity type. When comparing organizations of private and public sectors, the tendency that the expression of mobbing is more intensive in the private sector, especially in economical activities of agriculture and mining as well as querying, manifests. The hypothesis that mobbing is not only psychological but also managerial problem has been confirmed; it is more relevant for organizations of the private sector in Lithuania. This is influenced by poorly developed management culture and the lack of managerial knowledge, which is characteristic for management personnel. Lithuania as well as other post-Soviet countries has not performed the researches on mobbing phenomenon broadly and deeply by emphasizing managerial reasons of the phenomenon. The researches on mobbing disclose the ‘sensitive’ areas, which influence the internal climate of national capital’s organizations, the development of their competitiveness and the improvement of the corporate country investment climate. The originality of this research is presupposed not only by the fact that the situation in private and public sectors has been surveyed but also that it has been tried to identify the spread of mobbing among different fields of professional activity. In the case of this research 21 fields of professional activity have been included. During the research higher than medium expression of mobbing has been identified in the field of people health care and social work, which consist of the organizations of both public and private capital (in which more significant mobbing intensity has been identified) in Lithuanian context. It would be relevant to elaborate the research in striving to disclose differences in the culture of organizations’ management.
Multiple criteria analysis of the life cycle of the built environment
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Žižka, Miroslav; Ekonomická fakulta
Perspectives of talent management: evidence from czech and slovak business organisations
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Egerová, Dana; Lančarič, Drahoslav; Eger, Ludvík; Savov, Radovan; Ekonomická fakulta
Despite the growing attention being paid to talent management in the literature, little empirical research has been conducted on applying talent management in various organisations, particularly in small and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, our empirical survey examines talent management practices from the perspective of different sized enterprises in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The findings are based on data collection from 174 enterprises in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Overall, the survey indicates that talent management is not of primary concern to most organisations in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. These findings are not particularly surprising, as talent management is not a key issue for most organisations, particularly SMEs. Nevertheless, we argue that talent management is a crucial challenge for all organisations aiming to enhance their competitive advantages. This study’s major findings prove that enterprise size is a relevant determinant of approaches to talent management and its practice within the enterprises. Several important differences between SMEs and large organisations were found. First, SMEs adopt a more exclusive approach to talent than do large firms, where an inclusive approach dominates. Furthermore, SMEs’ strategic approach to talent management is limited, with most adopting an ad hoc approach to talent management practices. Thus, the shift towards holistic and strategic approaches to talent management constitutes one of the most important challenges for those organisations. The research survey raises a number of important issues that should be considered by enterprises when they engage in talent management. The survey has added to our understanding of the talent management implementation in different types of enterprises.
Significance and possibilities of major accident insurance
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Jindrová, Pavla; Jakubínský, Radim; Ekonomická fakulta
The development of human society is placing ever increasing demands on their production. This action brings the company not only positive but also negative impacts. Along with the development of industrial production, people have to face the risks posed their activity brings. The accidents, which occurred in the recent past, they still have a negative impact not only on humans but also on the environment and the economy. In this paper, we address the issue of major accidents. Major accidents are meant only accidents caused induced by human activities. The paper presents the best known major accidents since the beginning of the 20th century. They have come in the European Union to modify the legislation that is valid for the all EU Member States. In the Czech Republic, these rules are enshrined in Act No. 59/2009 Coll., on the prevention of major accidents. For human society is a necessary protection against the effects arising from major accidents. One of the possibilities is the insurance of major accidents. Since in major accidents frequently occurs very high damage is therefore utilized modelling and simulation of extreme values. One of the options that can be used is modelling using the quantile function. The paper recalled model and process simulation of extreme values. It is possible to estimate the values of the damage amounts thanks to the help of the simulation of the quantile function, and it is also possible to estimate the maximum limit of the interval of damage. This knowledge can be used in deciding on the appropriate type of non-proportional reinsurance and also for the management of catastrophic risk insurance.
Theory of international economic relations
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Tvrdoň, Michal; Ekonomická fakulta
Virtual organization: specifics of creation of personnel management system
(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2015-12-01) Merkevičius, Juozas; Davidavičienė, Vida; Raudeliūnienė, Jurgita; Buleca, Jan; Ekonomická fakulta
Development of new types of organizations such as a Virtual organization brought for society certain possibilities and opportunities which usually are named as advantages, but also they can be observed as challenges or even named as a problems within organization. Models and methods applied in personnel management should be adequate and meet requirements of markets and present newest scientific mind in order not to cause decrease of competitiveness, loss of potential markets, not to cause social problems, such as unemployment, migration, disproportion between regions, etc. Due to the following reasons, the perception of personnel improvement problems and their solutions stand not only for business development factor. These circumstances formed the topicality of the article subject. Virtual organizations formation priorities contains personnel selection of virtual organization, determination of work nature principles, determination of personnel motivational factors, determination of size for the most productive intellectual activity team, problems of education and experience coordination, others. In organizing business activities under current globalization trends and adapting personnel management by network model, implementation of these priorities should be foreseen by formed virtual organizations’ goals and strategies, as well as personnel management process. Management by network has to be developed using systematic approach, emphasizing priorities in personnel management activity, taking into consideration defined organizational tasks and possibilities to coordinate them with personnel goals, together organizational activity has to be distinguished by flexibility and adaptability, according to market requirements. Goal of the research–to construct model of personnel management of virtual organization that create possibilities to manage geographically dispersed personnel using information technologies. Methods of the research–there was applied systematic analysis that allowed disclosing personnel management specifics under the conditions of virtual organizations’ development. In performing the research there were used methods of comparison, summarization and documentary analysis.

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