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A policy-oriented framework for social cost analysis of gambling: Evidence from the Czech Republic
(2024-10-08) Zofcak, Jakub; Stroukal, Dominik; Sima, Josef
This paper introduces a new framework for calculating the social costs of gambling, distinguishing between private costs, externalities, and public expenditures. By focusing only on externalities and public expenditures, which are relevant to policy-making, this approach aligns with economic theory and allows for a more targeted political response. The practical application of this framework is demonstrated by calculating the social cost of gambling in the Czech Republic in 2022 using the best available data. Our findings estimate private costs to be between CZK 91.1–102.3 billion (Lie/bet scale) or CZK 89.3–105.0 billion (PGSI scale), externalities between CZK 2.6–4.8 billion or CZK 2.2–5.3 billion, and public expenditures between CZK 5.6–8.0 billion or CZK 9.6–12.1 billion (exchange rate 1 EUR = 24.48 CZK). However, quality of the calculation is heavily dependent on the quality of data and in our case serves as a practical application of the new framework. Private costs thus make the most of the total costs, but the externalities and the public expenditures are not negligible. The framework’s novel approach addresses long-standing flaws in the traditional calculations of gambling’s social costs. It proposes a division of total impacts into three distinct categories, allowing for a methodological unification and introducing rationality to political decision-making concerning gambling. By isolating externalities, private and public expenditures, this paper pioneers a pragmatic economic approach to policy intervention aimed at mitigating the social harm of gambling not reflected in its market price. Future research should incorporate this framework into regulatory impact assessments for gambling policies, which could significantly improve their quality. The study’s main limitation is the lack of Czech-specific and overall better-fitted data, especially on the psychological effects of gambling. Future research should improve data collection and consider not only the costs but also benefits of gambling to help to produce more comprehensive policy assessments.
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Transformace bankovního sektoru v České republice
(2004) Charbuská, Kateřina
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How does digital transformation affect innovation quality?
(2024-10-04) Pu, Tingqian; Zulkafli, Abdul Hadi
In the digital era, digital transformation is disrupting traditional business models and innovation activities. Numerous firms have expedited their endeavors in digital transformation to augment their manufacturing capabilities, operational efficiency, and competitive standing. Despite the increasing scholarly attention on the pivotal role of digital transformation in economic progress, there exists a paucity of research delving into the intricate nexus between digital transformation and innovation quality. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between digital transformation and innovation quality. Leveraging annual report data and patent information from Chinese listed companies spanning from 2012 to 2021, we have identified that digital transformation significantly enhances innovation quality. Interestingly, upon further investigation into the relationship between the five sub-dimensions of digital transformation (artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, big data, and digital technology applications) and innovation quality, positive and significant correlations were observed with artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data, and digital technology applications, while blockchain did not exhibit a significant impact. Furthermore, the study reveals that the impact of digital transformation on innovation quality varies depending on property rights and regional location. Specifically, this promotional effect is significant only in non-state-owned enterprises and in the central and eastern regions. Overall, this paper enriches the research on digital transformation and innovation quality, providing valuable insights to promote the advancement of digital transformation levels for better serving the high-quality development of the real economy.