Číslo 4
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- ItemThe moderating influence of consumer demographics on the relationship between perceived CSR and brand loyalty in the Romanian retail banking sector(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Moisescu, Ovidiu-Ioan; Gică, Oana-Adriana; Ekonomická fakultaThe current research investigates the moderating influence of consumer demographics on the relationship between customers’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and their corporate brand loyalty towards retail banks in Romania, a typical developing country and one of the largest countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The investigation is based on data collected within a survey conducted among a sample of 1,449 Romanian retail banking customers, based on a questionnaire including a specific set of items drawn up from the literature, intended to reflect corporate brand loyalty, as well as perceptual CSR dimensions, from a sustainable development and stakeholder-based perspective. After an exploratory factor analysis, the observed variables were grouped into several latent variables regarding perceived CSR and brand loyalty and, further on, these were included into a multiple regression model which was tested comparatively within various sample groups generated based on consumer demographics variables. The results emphasize several significant dissimilarities between gender, age, education and residence type based consumer segments in what concerns the impact of various CSR dimensions, as perceived by customers, on brand loyalty towards corporate brands in the banking sector. Thus, brand loyalty is significantly influenced by: perceived responsibility towards the environment – only in the case of female, younger and/or higher educated customers; perceived responsibility towards public authorities – only in the case of customers who are male, older, less educated and/or residing in larger cities; by perceived responsibility towards shareholders – only when for customers who are older, higher educated and/or residing in larger cities. The findings have practical implications for enhancing corporate brand loyalty in the regional retail banking sector market by outlining those CSR policies, actions and attitudes which should have priority within local banks’ marketing communications.
- ItemThe methodology of digital shadow economy estimation(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Gasparėnienė, Ligita; Bilan, Yuriy; Remeikienė, Rita; Ginevičius, Romualdas; Čepel, Martin; Ekonomická fakultaThe article introduces a new methodology of digital shadow economy estimation, which is based on the principles of the MIMIC method. This new methodology complements traditional methodologies of shadow economy estimation with such a component as digital shadow economy. Our analysis of the most popular today methods of shadow economic estimation proves that, despite some of its drawbacks, the MIMIC model can be treated as the most comprehensive and appropriate method for such calculations since it takes into account both causal and indicators of shadow economy. As the causal variables here, as applied to digital shadow economy, we use household access to the Internet and IT overall, the volume of non-cash payments and the use of most advanced financial instruments. While as the indicators of the digital shadow economy spread we use: the volume of non-cash payments at online platforms, the frequency of cryptocurrency payments, and the cost of parcels to which customs duties have not been applied. For further empirical verification of the model proposed here, numerical values of both causal variables and indicators would be necessary. Unfortunately, official statistical sources are unable to provide such data in full volume, especially when it comes to cryptocurrencies and other informal payments. Thus, in our further research we plan to not only prove the practical applicability of the offered here model for estimations of digital shadow economy size as well as overall size of shadow economy on the examples of particular countries, but also to accumulate the necessary statistics for such calculations.
- ItemHow does corporate social responsibility impact banking efficiency: a case in China(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Zhu, Ning; Stjepcevic, Jelena; Baležentis, Tomas; Yu, Zhiqian; Wang, Bing; Ekonomická fakultaMuch of the earlier literature was focused on the link between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance, with contradictory conclusions regarding the impact of corporate social responsibility upon corporate financial performance in the literature. Departing from conventional parametric techniques, this paper employs a fully nonparametric approach to analyze the link between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance in Chinese banking sector. Specifically, the slack-free Multi-directional Efficiency Analysis is extended into the conditional efficiency framework. The results indicate that corporate social responsibility has a significant impact on banking performance, where an increase in CSR generally leads towards an increase in conditional efficiency, but the attainable frontier might be shifted to any direction for the highest values of corporate social responsibility. In details, the analysis of “pure” efficiency indicates that corporate social responsibility has a stronger impact on increasing net profit if compared to that on contracting the amount of non-performing loans. In other words, it turns out that corporate social responsibility is likely to affect the attainable frontier in the direction of expanding net profit rather than contracting non-performing loans, because the portfolio of non-performing loans is difficult to reduce and therefore the impact of corporate social responsibility is not significant either on the frontier or on average efficiency. However, there exists a trade-off between corporate social responsibility and bank performance when a certain limit is exceeded in Chinese banking. Thus, a minimal increase in corporate social responsibility is likely to contribute to improvements in banking performance (productivity), whereas a negative effect is observed at the highest levels of corporate social responsibility.
- ItemAnalysis of high cost outliers in a Polish reference hospital(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Cyganska, Malgorzata; Ekonomická fakultaThe growing financial problems of healthcare institutions contribute to the search of methods in properly distributing and clearly justifying resources. One of these is detecting outliers accounting for an important share of hospital costs. The aim of the study is to identify the factors facilitating identification of cost outliers in one of the Polish reference hospitals in northeast Poland. We have analyzed 4,570 patients. Cost analysis was done retrospectively using accountancy and statistical data from the hospital. To select the outliers, we used the interquartile method using the median and the interquartile distance. To evaluate the factors that influence the patient being a cost outlier, we considered: age, length of stay, gender, type of admission, reason of discharge, and type of department. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used in the study. Our study revealed that the small percentage of the patients is responsible for the significant level of costs. The total cost outliers comprised 9% of the study sample. They accounted for almost 37% of total hospital costs, 40% of direct costs, and 34% of indirect costs. We discovered that age, gender, length of stay, reason of discharge, and type of department has a significant influence on being the cost outlier. The study revealed that the probability of being the CO increased more than 6 times for the surgical patients. This is consistent with the analysis of CO by ICD 10. The analysis revealed that almost all patients suffered from diseases related to high proportion of CO, required surgery treatment. It is concluded that identifying the cost outliers can contribute to better knowledge by managers about the nature of the costs outliers and can be especially valuable in the financing systems where high costs outliers are separately paid.
- ItemMeasurmenet of inflation forecast targeting. A proposal of methodological solution(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Szyszko, Magdalena; Ekonomická fakultaThe paper offers a methodological solution to measuring inflation forecast targeting (IFT). IFT is a central bank’s procedure which consists in: producing its own inflation forecast, revealing its results and making interest rates decisions on the basis of the forecast. Inflation forecast targeting is implemented, to some extent, by any central bank implementing inflation targeting framework. It facilitates the forward-looking attitude of the central banker. This forward-lookingness facilitates the expectations shaping and goals achievement. The literature on IFT is broad but it does not cover a concise framework for IFT analysis and measurement. The following contribution fills in this gap. It presents the IFT index. The idea of its elaboration is in line with any monetary policy qualitative aspects measurement: 5 aspects of IFT are distinguished, each of which having a system of points attribution described. These aspects are: forecasting methodology, declaration on the forecast role in the monetary policy, forecast publication, actual central bank’s practice and ex post forecast evaluation. Actual central bank’s practice covers the assessment of the central bank’s decision compatibility with the message of the forecast. The multivariate scheme of assessment which considers central bank’s flexibility in the decision making process – guaranteed by the framework of the inflation targeting – is elaborated. The other IFT aspects’ evaluations consist in the analysis of the information revealed. The IFT can be divided into two sub indices: one covering only the forecasting system transparency and the other one – for decisions compatibility check. The IFT index and sub-indices are universal in the sense of considering the IFT broadly on the basis of various central bank’s practice. The index can be used to cross-country and over time comparison – such an example is also presented in the paper. It also makes it possible to verify the hypotheses on the central banks’ consistency in implementing IFT – measured by IFT index – and the central banks’ performance.
- ItemProperty tax in the regions of the Czech republic(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Janoušková, Jana; Sobotovičová, Šárka; Ekonomická fakultaFiscal decentralization in the context of the reallocation of public resources is a complex and multi-faceted process, which fosters social priorities and strategies. The main objective is to increase the self-reliance and self-sufficiency of municipalities related to allocation efficiency and possible adjustment to the local conditions. The municipalities in the Czech Republic have the possibility to affect the tax revenue on immovable property by means of the coefficients being thus the only assigned tax. The aim of the paper is to determine the use of legislative tools to increase the tax revenue on immovable property in the regions of the Czech Republic. Access of municipalities to the increase in the tax revenues on immovable property is then studied through three coefficients within the Moravian-Silesian Region. Examples of good practice in motivating municipalities to implement or modify selected coefficients leading to an increase in municipal budgets are examined. The article also performs a description of the development of the tax on immovable property in the Czech Republic, on the basis of the time series of tax imposed as a follow-up to the legislative changes. Methodically the research relies on the evaluation of secondary statistical data of the Czech Statistical Office and Financial Administration of the Czech Republic, and the primary research that was implemented in 2016 focuses on the application of the coefficients by municipalities of the Moravian-Silesian Region. This research closely follows up on the research of the use of local coefficients, which was carried out in 2014 and 2015.
- ItemBootstrap testing of trading strategies in emerging balkan stock markets(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Radovanov, Boris; Marcikić, Aleksandra; Ekonomická fakultaMost lately, the attention of technical trading analysis has shifted to emerging stock markets which collectively bring a significant alternative source of opportunities to international investors. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of four technical trading rules (moving average, filter, trading range breakout and channel breakout rule) in six stock market indices of the Balkan States. Also, the paper is providing resume evidence on the predictive power of four mentioned trading rules. We apply the Reality Check and the Superior Predictive Ability test using bootstrap methodology to evaluate the relative performance of those rules. Furthermore, presented tests provide an answer to data snooping problems, which is essential to obtain unbiased outcomes. The original time series is resampled with random draw in two ways: a parametric residual-based method from the AR(1)-GARCH(1,1) model, and a nonparametric, the moving block bootstrap. After including data snooping biases, this study finds that the null hypothesis that trading rules do not outperform the benchmark can be rejected at the 5 percent significance level for five separate stock indices, excluding the MBI10 index. Similarly, such results show the rejection of the weak-form market efficiency hypothesis in case of mentioned stock markets. Applied technical trading rule algorithms in all six stock market indices mainly generate more losing trades then wining trades. Finally, transaction costs have relatively small effect on the overall performance of selected technical trading rules in case of indices BELEX15, CROBEX, SBITOP and MONEX20, but with some changes in choice of the best technical trading rule considering the effects of trading frequencies.
- ItemDigital transparency in the public sector – case study Czech republic(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Mohelská, Hana; Sokolová, Marcela; Ekonomická fakultaThe subject of the paper is to carry out evaluation of the current information openness of municipalities through the structured observation method, via their web pages. The aim of the paper is to assess the transparency level of municipalities in the Czech Republic. It focuses on the lawful and voluntary publication of in-formation on the websites of randomly selected group of municipalities. The content analysis on the internet was used. The thesis focuses on qualitative and quantitative data acquisition as the most effective combination. The research sample consists of 100 municipalities, which were randomly selected from a set of all municipalities in the Czech Republic with populations ranging between 2,000 to 10,000 inhabitants. The paper’s introductory part defines the basic concepts and obligations, which are laid down to the municipalities by international and especially Czech legislation. It is followed by the analysis of selected municipalities on the Internet, which is divided into municipalities' management and documents regarding their activities, the office’s communication with its citizens and accessibility of the sites. A synthesis of findings presents the most transparent municipalities and regions. Czech municipalities have been heterogeneous in the analysis of digital transparency. Once the legislation precisely defines the scope and form of mandatory disclosure of information on municipalities' websites, there is a great deal of improvement and the efforts of municipalities to fulfil this obligation. The degree of disclosure is decreasing with the freedom for municipalities to publish information. The conclusion of the paper is devoted to the overall assessment and recommendations for the given situation in the Czech Republic.
- ItemTypes of bank loans and their impact on economic development: a case study of the Czech republic(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Černohorský, Jan; Ekonomická fakultaThis article aims to evaluate the impact of the development of different types of loans in the banking sector on economic development. We will begin with the hypothesis that economic performance increases with the growth of the rate of various types of loans. We will first look at research of current scientific knowledge in respect to bank loans and economic development. The basic idea of this article is the hypothesis described above, determined on the basis of standard economic findings and based on the results of a majority of related studies. The development of loans provided can be quantified based on data from the Czech National Bank as total loans and divided into loans to non-financial companies and households, as well as mortgage loans and consumer loans. The development of the economy can also be quantified using data from the Czech Statistical Office on the development of the gross domestic product. The period selected is the years 2004-2015. To determine the relationships between selected variables, we have used statistical methods that respect the specific characteristics of the selected time series, namely the Engle-Granger causality test. Prior to testing, it was necessary to adjust the data as stationary and then test cointegration. An optimum order delay was also determined using the Akaike information criterion. The calculated results, except for consumer loans, confirm the hypothesis regarding the positive impact of the rate of loans provided on economic growth, particularly with a six-month time lag. We have obtained results that correspond to standard economic knowledge and results of most previous studies.
- ItemThe effects of perceived satisfaction with service recovery efforts: a study in a hotel setting(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Díaz, Estrella; Gómez, Mar; Martín-Consuegra, David; Molina, Arturo; Ekonomická fakultaIn the service industry, the importance of achieving the satisfaction of all involved agents is widely recognized. It is important to note that within the service sector, the hospitality sector involves a high degree of personal contact between hotel staff and customers, during which various misunderstandings can result in service failures. Therefore, instruments that enable learning about and solving problems emerging from customers now serve as one of the most important elements of the hospitality industry. In this context, the objective of answering the call for more studies investigating the effectiveness of recovery efforts and discovering their effects to perceived customer satisfaction, following a service recovery process, and customer behavior outcomes towards a hotel which had dropped the ball but later offered a solution. A structural equation model using a sample of 274 valid questionnaires, obtained from hotel establishment customers who had experienced failed service provisions and who had shown their discontent with these services, was used to examine these issues. The results confirm a significant and positive effect between the analyzed relations and also reinforce the importance of recovery efforts on satisfaction in service recovery and also determine the impact of that perceived satisfaction on behavioral outcomes of the affected consumers. Additionally, the empirical results show that communication and explanation are the dimensions of importance to consumers when they report a service failure to a service firm. Based on these results, this study recommends designing recovery process in such a way to get maximum advantage of this phenomenon. Therefore, organizations should offer dissatisfied customers with the option to choose among various recovery options.
- ItemEstimating consumers’ behaviour in motor insurance using discrete choice models(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Dragos, Cristian Mihai; Dragos, Simona Laura; Ekonomická fakultaInsurance is a financial service in which consumption is highly affected by the characteristics of the potential buyer and his perceptions about the offered product. Motor insurance with its two components – the Motor Third Party Liability Insurance (MTPL) and the Motor Damage insurance – constitutes the largest line of business of the non-life insurance sector in Europe. The present study models the voluntary motor damage insurance consumer behaviour using discrete choice models, hypothesizing a hierarchical and a non-hierarchical decision. The sample consists of 311 car owners from Cluj County, Romania. The econometric estimations use binary logit, multinomial logit and nested logit models. The predictive power of these models is compared by means of the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve for discrete choice models. The results reveal that the main factors affecting the purchase of a voluntary motor insurance policy are risk preference/aversion, the distance travelled by car, the driver’s education level and the ratio between the driver’s income and the car price. In contrast to previous studies who estimated the risk profile only through proxy variables without accounting for any behavioural aspects, our study has successfully integrated the risk profile of the policyholders as a self-standing explanatory variable. Since the explanatory variables are representative not only for a particular geographical area, the highlighted behaviour may be applied to all cases where motor damage insurance is voluntary.
- ItemInfluence of security and trust on electronic banking adoption in Slovakia(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Vejačka, Martin; Štofa, Tomáš; Ekonomická fakultaDynamical development of information and communication technologies has been one of the major factors of economic growth in recent decades. Electronic commerce allowed selling and buying of products or services to many times larger number of customers than ever before. Electronic banking as a part of electronic commerce is nowadays very important distribution channel for banking services. With the intense development of information and communication technologies also several forms of electronic banking arose and also vanished. Especially mobile banking recorded turbulent development in recent decades. Mobile banking in smart devices together with internet banking are now the main forms asserting in the electronic banking market. Competition among banks in the field of electronic banking pushes them to improve their electronic banking services to sustain or increase their market share. The important issue is trust of bank customers in the form of electronic banking used. Banks’ customers also sensitively perceive security of electronic banking forms used by them. In this article, we mainly investigated the influence of security and trust on electronic banking adoption. Research model based on technology acceptance model was developed and research hypotheses based on this research model were constructed. Data for hypotheses verification was gathered by online survey with 211 answering respondents. The influence of perceived security, trust, attitude toward using and behavioral intention to use electronic banking in Slovakia was examined using factor analysis. The results reveal that all factors investigated have statistically significant direct and indirect effects on electronic banking adoption by users on the Slovak retail banking market.
- ItemEvaluation and comparison of B2C e-commerce intensity in EU member states(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Kunešová, Hana; Eger, Ludvík; Ekonomická fakultaElectronic commerce in the business-to-consumer sphere (B2C e-commerce) represents a significant factor in the competitiveness of companies and entire economies. The purpose of this paper is to propose a tool to evaluate and compare B2C e-commerce intensity in economies. The authors address the following research questions: What is the position of individual EU member states in terms of B2C e-commerce intensity? Is there a strong correlation between B2C e-commerce intensity and the level of economic development of EU member states? Is there a correlation between B2C e-commerce intensity and the length of the countries' EU membership? From a theoretical background, key indicators of B2C e-commerce intensity are selected, which are aggregated into the B2C e-commerce intensity index using the TOPSIS method. The results of the multi-criteria evaluation and the positions of individual countries in the overall order indicate that in terms of B2C e-commerce intensity, EU member states are a rather heterogeneous group. The order of countries based on the value of the B2C e-commerce intensity index exhibits a strong and statistically significant correlation with the order of the countries in terms of the level of their economic development. However, the differences in the countries' economic development do not sufficiently explain the differences in the use of B2C e-commerce. The results indicate that there is a large unused potential of B2C e-commerce in the EU, not only in countries with weaker economies, but also in highly developed countries. The correlation between B2C e-commerce intensity and the duration of EU membership is moderate. It would be beneficial for further research to focus on the question of which factors have boosted the relatively high use of B2C e-commerce in some new EU member states with lower level of economic development (Estonia and Lithuania) and what obstacles prevent more intensive use of B2C e-commerce in Italy and Austria, whose level of economic development significantly exceeds that of the aforementioned countries.
- ItemThe knowledge and use of the Balanced Scorecard method in businesses in the Slovak republic(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Lesáková, Ľubica; Dubcová, Katarína; Gundová, Petra; Ekonomická fakultaThe Balanced Scorecard method (BSC) has emerged since the late 1990s (as proposed by Kaplan and Norton) as one of the most successful concepts in the field of strategic performance management. It has evolved from its early use as a simple performance measurement framework to a full strategic planning and management system. Balanced Scorecard is used by many successful businesses all around the world. Main aim of the paper is to present the results of primary research focused on detecting the current state of the knowledge and use of the Balanced Scorecard method in businesses in the Slovak Republic. In the first part of the paper is presented the essence of the BSC method, formulated are the main benefits connected with the Balanced Scorecard implementation into the strategic management of the businesses. These benefits are defined according to the content analysis of domestic and foreign literature. Following the goal of the article next part presents the results of the empirical research based on the questionnaire survey. Results are connected with the evaluation of the six hypothesis defined in regard of the established goal of the paper. Formulated will be presumptions to improve the state of utilizing the BSC method by Slovak businesses. For the fulfilment of settled objectives we have used several scientific methods of examination, namely the method of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, generalisation as well as statistical methods.
- ItemBusiness system as an equilibrium of intention and causality(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Řepa, Václav; Ekonomická fakultaThe article is aimed to draw the attention to the essential features of the business processes and business systems in the context of their modeling. We follow the root ideas of cybernetics in order to explain the concept of intentionality and its consequences in business system modeling as well as its impact on the business process modeling methodology and language. Possible way of reflecting these ideas in the business processes modeling methodology is outlined using the example of the process meta-model and business process patterns from the MMABP methodology. Then the concept of causality in business systems is explained and relevant informatics theories and techniques for modeling the real world causality are introduced in this context. Particular attention is paid to the topic of relationships between both basic types of the business system models: intentional business process and causal ontology model. General rules and principles of the consistency of models are discussed together with their methodological consequences. Basic types of the consistency of models – completeness and correctness – are identified and also the specific topic of 'structural consistency' is introduced in this context. In the conclusions section the needed reflection of these essential features in the modeling languages and methodology is analyzed and the basic insufficiencies of the contemporary approaches to the business process modeling are pointed out together with the outline of possible ways of their overcoming. As the main challenges in the field of business process modeling methodology and languages we particularly identify the need for respecting all consequences of the fact that business process has to be always taken as a purposeful process as well as the need for implementing the self-perception of the process in order to allow it achieving the higher orders of prediction.
- ItemRisk based control of the negative effect of discontinued automated processes – a case from the agricultural domain(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Podaras, Athanasios; Ekonomická fakultaThe current paper delineates a modern algorithmic procedure for estimating the risk and calculating a realistic duration of interrupted critical computerized business activities, in order to mitigate or prevent their corresponding negative consequences. The contribution is formulated via merging risk management and business continuity concepts. The formulation of an integrated business continuity management policy includes the proactive determination of approximate recovery timeframes for critical business functions. Practically, this estimation is based on recovery tests which are executed under ideal conditions, and unexpected factors which may emerge during a real process interruption and significantly delay its recovery are ignored. Agriculture is a domain where the incorporation of an integrated business continuity management system is a crucial issue. The interruption of agricultural computerized activities can be triggered by and can result to various undesirable environmental phenomena. Thus, especially for agriculture, the consideration of unexpected factors when executing recovery tests is highly demanded. The currently presented algorithm accepts as initial input the estimated recovery time which is based on recovery exercises executed under ideal conditions. Then, a precise number of potential unpredictable hazards (factors) are taken into consideration and the risk magnitude of each threat is semi-quantitatively estimated. The total risk magnitude is utilized to estimate the time deviation from the initially defined recovery time. After the risk analysis process is terminated, a new recovery timeframe is proposed. The time deviation from the initially defined recovery time is calculated in its absolute value. The algorithm is finally validated by applying the calculated extended timeframe to the system availability formula which measures the achieved system availability levels for any information system. The validation of the approach is demonstrated via a practical case study from the agricultural domain, namely the greenhouse irrigation scheduling system interruption scenario.
- ItemAccessible tourism for all – current state in the czech business and non-business environment(Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic, 2017-12-20) Linderová, Ivica; Janeček, Petr; Ekonomická fakultaTourism is a sector of remarkable economic importance. Nowadays, new ways to develop tourism are being discovered. One of them is accessibility and social policy aspects. The aim of the paper is to map the possibilities for people with physical disabilities to participate in tourism in the Czech Republic. Following the aim, the article hypothesizes the existence of an interdependence between the number of visitors and the number of accessible accommodation establishments. At the same time, a hypothesis forms that in regions with a higher share of accommodation establishments of classes **** (First Class) and ****** (Luxury) there will be a higher number of barrier-free accommodation establishments available. It assesses the situation in all administrative regions while focusing on coverage of the territory with the capacity of accommodation establishments and restaurant & catering facilities, on the existence of accessible educational trails, tourist routes, and cycle routes. The article is also interested in possibilities to visit UNESCO world heritage sites. On the basis of the conducted analysis, it is possible to conclude that the situation in the Czech Republic in the area of accessible tourism is not particularly positive. The average share of barrier-free accommodation establishments in the country is 11% and 12% in restaurant&catering establishments. The most accessible routes, cycle routes, etc., are found in regions with national parks or attractive natural sites, such as Český ráj, Krkonoše, Šumava, and České Švýcarsko. The situation in the Czech Republic in the area of providing disabled people with tourism services is improving in comparison with the past.