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- ItemCross-border acquisitions in Central and Eastern Europe with focus on Russia versus Germany deals: an empirical analysis(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, ) Langenstein, Tim; Vojtková, Anna; Užík, Martin; Ruepp, Andreas; Ekonomická fakultaGlobalization, deregulation and the attendant liberalization of capital markets have made cross border mergers and acquisitions attractive to firms seeking to strategically position themselves within the global economy to take advantage of the opportunities that globalization offers. As a result, cross-border acquisition and merging activities have increased dramatically over the recent decades. Because of the fall of the “iron curtain” and the proceeds of European integration, mainly the European single market has created new possibilities. Moreover, one of the main results of globalization is a greater role of emerging markets in the global economy, especially in the area of foreign direct investment. The paper therefore analyses announced and completed cross border acquisitions between a public listed acquirer and target companies from Central and Eastern Europe and associated reactions of the capital markets. The analysis focuses, in particular, on cross-border Russia versus Germany deals. Examining the sample of 11 085 announced deals over the period from January 1990 through December 2014, the analysis points out some important trends in the global economy in the area of companies acquisition and merging activities. In summary, it can be emphasized that Central and Eastern Europe as the region is very attractive from the market’s perspective due to the expected growth rates and the framework conditions as well as from the perspective of Western European investors. Analysis results indicate that Russian market is better in the area of cross-border acquisitions than remaining Central and Eastern European markets. It allows us to suggest that it is worthier investing in Russia than in remaining Central and Eastern Europe.
- ItemInfluence of store characteristics on product availability in retail business(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, ) Avlijas, Goran; Milicevic, Nikola; Golijanin, Danilo; Ekonomická fakultaStock-out event in retail business represents a situation in which demanded item cannot be found by customer in the expected location or is not in a saleable condition. Frequent stock-outs remain one of the biggest issues in the retail business because they directly contribute to lost sales and reduced profits, and indirectly contribute to reduced loyalty and potential loss of customers. Although the stock-outs can occur anywhere in the entire supply chain, literature confirmed that the most of most of stock-outs occur at the store level. A number of researchers have tried to reveal the product and store related drivers and the factors that contribute to lower product availability. Identification of stock-outs was usually performed using the point-of-sale (POS) estimation method or manual audit method, so the results and conclusions were mostly based on a small number stores and products, and they were observed in a shorter period of time. In this research, probit regression was used to examine the relationship between various store-related drivers and product availability. The data sample included 115 SKUs and 98 stores and the data was provided by a large grocery retailer in Serbia. To identify stock-outs on a large data sample, a perpetual inventory (PI) aggregation method was selected. The store related variables that were determined to be the drivers of stock-out performance include distance from distribution center, average store sale and stock-keeping-unit density as the most the most prominent driver. Especially high probability of stock-out can be expected when stock-keeping-unit density and average store sale are high at the same time. On the other hand, it was observed that the income level of the population living in the store area does not have a significant influence on stock-out performance at store level.
- ItemImportance of R&D expenditure for economic growth in selected CEE countries(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, ) Szarowská, Irena; Ekonomická fakultaThe goal of the article is to quantify the effect of R&D expenditure on economic growth in selected Central and Eastern European countries. From a methodological perspective, the research is based on Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality and the dynamic panel regression methodology, based on adapted growth model. The empirical evidence is performed on unbalanced annual panel data of eight selected countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic and Slovenia), during the period 1995-2016. The research confirms that there is a trend to combine direct and indirect public funding instruments. Because of limited financial resources, indirect support has become more important in recent years. Cash grants and tax deduction are the tools most often used for support and funding of R&D in the selected CEE countries. A dynamic panel analysis with fixed effects confirms a positive and statistically significant impact of R&D expenditure on economic growth. Government R&D expenditure is reported to be a key driver for economic performance followed by business R&D expenditure, a higher share of persons with tertiary education and/or employed in science and technology and country openness. On the contrary, investment and higher education R&D expenditure were found to have a positive but statistically insignificant impact. Hence, special care of policymakers should be given to investment mix. It is decisive to direct and support investment to growth-enhancing areas (e.g. infrastructure and communication, R&D, education and health care) and to improve the ratio between current and capital investment. Attention should also focus on higher education R&D support, and future development must be concentrate on its cooperation with business sector especially in the area of applied research. Finally, a crisis is reported to have a negative and statistically significant impact on economic growth.
- ItemDeflation and output across sectors: results for the Czech Republic(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, ) Ryska, Pavel; Sklenář, Petr; Ekonomická fakultaThe present paper looks into the relationship between deflation and economic output. Previous studies relied uniquely on annual macroeconomic data on GDP and prices, which caused lack of observations on deflation. This paper uses panel data on 86 sectors of the Czech economy in 1993-2015, which offer more variation in price changes and display frequent observations of deflation. Our goal is to test the hypothesis whether deflation negatively affects output growth – as is commonly thought – and whether central banks should counter all deflation that appears. The most common argument against deflation is that decreasing prices lead consumers and firms to postpone purchases, which in turn depresses output. We find that (1) sectors with output price deflation and below-average inflation have higher growth rate of output, and that (2) these sectors also tend to show quicker growth in gross value added. This evidence contradicts the often held notion that deflation is linked with recession or subpar growth. It also shows that firms with deflating output prices do not have trouble preserving their profits. Deflation observed in the Czech economy in 1993-2015 is likely to be the result of falling unit costs enabled by firms’ investment rather than the result of falling demand. This might have policy implications. Our results highlight that monetary policy should differentiate among sources of deflation and that deflation observed in the Czech Republic has been rather of the 'good' type. We believe that our approach using sector data is novel because it uncovers more variation in prices and output than the more common approach that uses macroeconomic aggregates.
- ItemMarket orientation of business schools: a development opportunity for the business model of University Business Schools in transition countries(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, ) Rosi, Maja; Tuček, David; Potočan, Vojko; Jurše, Milan; Ekonomická fakultaThe adoption of market orientation practices at the Higher Education Institutions is a rising trend, since the challenges of changing the global higher education environment raise a growing issue for meeting the needs of the global market. Developing an appropriate strategy to cope with all of the requirements of the global education market changes and competitive pressures is especially challenging for University Business Schools in transition countries. The paper is based upon an identification of a variety of theoretical perspectives about the global education market, its trends and influences on those schools in the aspects of market orientation. Conceptual framework analysis was used to characterise the market orientation of Business Schools as an opportunity for the strategic business model of University Business Schools in transition countries. Key factors and indicators for understanding their environment were identified, structured and categorised within a theoretical framework. These factors reflect the evolving context of reformation of the existing business model of University Business Schools in transition countries in a comprehensive way, since the framework outlines the complexity of their adaptation, considering the linkages and dependencies of all the crucial global external in internal environment trends and aspects. The authors suggest that, in order to align their business model more adequately to the global market needs and develop a sustainable competitive position, University Business Schools from transition countries have to follow the market orientation principles, taking into account also the limitations and challenges from a wider social and institutional environment.
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