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Browsing Časopisy by Subject "20th century"
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- ItemFirst Communion in Early Twentieth-century Italy: a Rite of Passage within Childhood(Národní pedagogické muzeum a knihovna J. A. Komenského, ) Alfieri, Paolo; Technická univerzita v LiberciIn traditionally Catholic countries, First Communion has widely functioned as a key rite of passage. In the modern age, and in particular during the eighteenth century, children were not admitted to the sacrament of the Eucharist until adolescence or even until the age of twenty. The ceremony thus represented a rite of passage that marked the transition to adulthood. A reversal of tradition came in some pastoral experiences of the nineteenth century and was officially established by the decree Quam singulari Christus amore – ordered in 1910 by Pope Pius X – which set the age for receiving Holy Communion at around seven years. First Communion still retained the form of a rite of passage, albeit without the adultist religious language surrounding Confirmation and without the pessimism about childhood that had been inherited from the past. The new educational outlook initiated by Pius X was also confirmed by his successors. Analysis of official Church pronouncements, devotional literature for children, and selected religious images – examined with an interdisciplinary heuristic approach – allows to shed light on a key shift in the Italian Catholic educational imaginary over the first half of the twentieth century, when Communion was seen as a typical childhood experience, in accordance with the changes underway in the upbringing and socialization of children and with the educational theories that valued children’s spontaneity and experience.
- ItemImproving Children’s Health. Hygiene, Medicine and Pedagogy in the Italian School-medical Service and the Case of Milan (1950–1970)(Národní pedagogické muzeum a knihovna J. A. Komenského, ) Polenghi, Simonetta; Technická univerzita v LiberciIn 1910, Italy’s General Healthcare Law set out plans for a school-medical service but limited it to the prevention of infectious diseases. It was only in 1961, three years after the establishment of the Ministry of Health, that the school-medical service was founded with a wider remit. The full implementation of the decree came in 1967 when the regulations were issued. This delay by the state was counterbalanced in Milan by the intense activity of the City Health Department. The capital of the economic boom in the 1950s and ‘60s, Milan had two mayors who were doctors, a long tradition of care for children and schools, and a wide network of doctors involved in social medicine. The aim of this paper is to show how in Milan in the 1950s and ‘60s, children’s physical condition was the subject of intense interest as a result of campaigns that linked hygiene, medicine and pedagogy to improve children’s health.
- ItemPhysical Education for Italian School Children during the Totalitarian Fascist Regime(Národní pedagogické muzeum a knihovna J. A. Komenského, ) Alfieri, Paolo; Technická univerzita v LiberciRecent general and educational historiography suggests that, under Mussolini, physical training was viewed as a key instrument for disciplining children’s ideas and values as well as their bodies, and thus for inoculating them with fascist ideology. In this essay, I trace the evolution of the regime’s totalitarian educational project in relation to the teaching of physical education in primary schools, a novel topic and heuristic perspective that has been typically overlooked by historiographers. To this end, I analyse national legislation, school curricula, ministerial circulars, and teachers’ manuals and journals, examining developments in physical education for school-age children in terms of both its pedagogical or ideological meanings and the teaching methods adopted.
- ItemVzdělávání jako podnikání: Role soukromých škol v procesu institucionalizace komerčního školství v Čechách do roku 1918(Národní pedagogické muzeum a knihovna J. A. Komenského, ) Kadlec, Petr; Technická univerzita v LiberciThe study is dedicated to the role of private schools in the process of institutionalization of the commercial education between the half of the 19th century up to 1918. It takes into account the quantitative development, organisation and study programmes. The author aims to highlight the specifics of these schools and their complicated relationship with other commercial educational institutions. From a nationwide perspective the text is delving into the level of specific schools.