Interpretace a kritika Descartesova pojetí odtělesněné mysli
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2018-8-29
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Abstract
Práce se zaměřuje na problematiku Descartova pojetí odtělesněné duše. Descartes hledá základní jistoty, na kterých lze založit lidské poznání. Tyto jistoty by měly být nevyvratitelné a tvořit základní kámen jeho filosofie. Pochybuje o existenci všeho, dokonce i o vlastním myšlení. Ale právě myšlení se stává jistotou elementární, o které nelze pochybovat a z níž vychází. Cílem této práce je popsat, k čemu Descartes dospěl svou metodou zpochybnění a z těchto tezí formulovat a vyzdvihnout ty nejdůležitější. Ale nejen to, dále totiž s těmito poznatky pracujeme, a to tím způsobem, že sledujeme jejich vývoj a případné nedostatky. Nalezené nedostatky jsou následně v druhé části práce rozebrány z pohledu moderní filosofie a vědy. Konkrétní ověřovanou tezí je například jeho pojetí mysli jako nedělitelné, nesmrtelné a základní substance. Dále možnost existence tělesných věcí, a především existence těla. Existenci těla považuje s největší pravděpodobností za platnou a říká, že mysl pouze komunikuje s tímto nemyslícím, dělitelným a smrtelným tělem. Descartovo pojetí vztahu těla a mysli je vlastně centrálním tématem této práce. Například rozlišení mezi stavy snění a bdění; prověření reálné možnosti oddělenosti mysli a těla či zhodnocení dělitelnosti a specializace těchto substancí. Hlavním cílem práce je kritické zhodnocení komplexní problematiky Descartova dualismu a zjištění, že základy těchto tezí nejsou tak pevné, jak Descartes doufal.
This Bachelor thesis is focused on the issue of Descarte´s meaning of the term unphysical soul out of body. Descartes looks for basic certainty, on which human knowledge is possibly based on. This certainty is supposed to be irrefutable and is supposed to be fundamental of his philosophy. He further doubts the existence of everything, even his own thoughts. On the other hand/paradoxically, thoughts turns to be Descartes elementary certainty and the starting point of his theories. The main aim of this thesis is to describe Descartes´ findings, that arise from the use of the methods of questioning and formulate and highlight the most important thoughts, and also monitor the development and imperfections of these thoughts. In the second part, these imperfections are analyzed from the modern point of view of philosophy and science. For example Descarte´s human mind being indivisible, immortal and basic substance or the possibility of existence of physical being, especially existence of a body. Descartes understands the existence of human body as valid and claims that mind communicates with this unthinking, divisible and mortal body. Descartes? conception of the relationship between human body and mind/soul was essential for our selection of thoughts we analyzed, such as recognition between a state of dreaming and a state of vigil, comparable with a human one, examination of a real possibility of separation of mind and body, evaluation of divisibility and specialization of these substances. The main contribution of this thesis is a complex view on Descarte?s theory of dualism and (ur finding that essentials of his theories are not so stable as Descartes hoped for.
This Bachelor thesis is focused on the issue of Descarte´s meaning of the term unphysical soul out of body. Descartes looks for basic certainty, on which human knowledge is possibly based on. This certainty is supposed to be irrefutable and is supposed to be fundamental of his philosophy. He further doubts the existence of everything, even his own thoughts. On the other hand/paradoxically, thoughts turns to be Descartes elementary certainty and the starting point of his theories. The main aim of this thesis is to describe Descartes´ findings, that arise from the use of the methods of questioning and formulate and highlight the most important thoughts, and also monitor the development and imperfections of these thoughts. In the second part, these imperfections are analyzed from the modern point of view of philosophy and science. For example Descarte´s human mind being indivisible, immortal and basic substance or the possibility of existence of physical being, especially existence of a body. Descartes understands the existence of human body as valid and claims that mind communicates with this unthinking, divisible and mortal body. Descartes? conception of the relationship between human body and mind/soul was essential for our selection of thoughts we analyzed, such as recognition between a state of dreaming and a state of vigil, comparable with a human one, examination of a real possibility of separation of mind and body, evaluation of divisibility and specialization of these substances. The main contribution of this thesis is a complex view on Descarte?s theory of dualism and (ur finding that essentials of his theories are not so stable as Descartes hoped for.
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Duše, mysl, myšlení, tělo, odtělesněnost, bytí, absolutní mechanismus, dualismus, dělitelnost, substance, spánek, bdění, jednota, Soul, mind, body, beeing, absolutel mechanism, dualism, divisibility, substanc, sleep, vigil, unity