Development of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabrics with Multifunctional Properties
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2024-12-06
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Abstract
Jedinečné vlastnosti bavlny, jako hydrofilita, biodegradabilita, trvanlivost, dobrá barvitelnost a relativně nízká cena, z ní činí oblíbenou textilii. V současné době však lidé touží po tom, aby bavlněná tkanina měla multifunkční vlastnosti, které mohou poskytnout větší komfort na základě pracovního prostředí a povětrnostních podmínek. Poptávka na trhu se posunula směrem k nehořlavosti, UV ochraně, nemačkavosti, samočisticím a antibakteriálním vlastnostem - v těchto oblastech probíhají rozsáhlé studie. Nanočástice (NP), například oxid zinečnatý (ZnO), oxid titaničitý (TiO2), oxid hořečnatý (MgO), oxid měďnatý (CuO), uhlíkové nanotrubice, oxid křemičitý (SiO2) a stříbro (Ag), vykazují pozoruhodné funkční vlastnosti. Mezi různými nanočásticemi se využití oxidu zinečnatého (ZnO) jeví jako nejekologičtější a nejekonomičtější možnost. Zároveň jej lze aplikovat na různé substráty včetně textilních polymerů a tkanin. Vědecké práce popisují různé přístupy k depozici nanočástic oxidu zinečnatého na povrch taniny, jako například syntéza in-situ a depozice ex-situ. Hlavním požadavkem dnešní doby je ekologická a přírodu nezatěžující funkcionalizace tkanin a u povrchově upravených tkanin je důležitá I stálost v praní.
Cílem této výzkumné práce je vyvinout ekologicky upravenou a trvale nehořlavou tkaninu bez obsahu halogenů a formaldehydu s multifunkčními vlastnostmi a nalézt optimální podmínky a parametry. V této výzkumné práci byly nanočástice oxidu zinečnatého vyvíjeny na 100% bavlněné tkanině pomocí sonochemické metody. Jako prekurzory byly použity dihydrát octanu zinečnatého (Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O) a hydroxid sodný (NaOH). Po růstu nanočástic ZnO byl metodou pad-dry aplikován zpomalovač hoření N-methyloldimethylfosfonopropionamid (MDPA). Jako zesíťující činidlo byla použita 1, 2, 3, 4-butantetrakarboxylová kyselina (BTCA) a jako katalyzátor fosfornan sodný (SHP). Pro stanovení množství procentuálního obsahu zinku a fosforu byla použita atomová emisní spektroskopie s indukovaným vázaným plazmatem (ICP-AES). Pro charakterizaci vyvinutých vzorků a sledování povrchu byly použity rastrovací elektronová mikroskopie (SEM), prášková rentgenová difrakce (XRD) a infračervená spektroskopie s Fourierovou transformací (FTIR). Dále byla zkoumána tepelná degradace neupraveného vzorku a ošetřených vzorků termogravimetrickou analýzou (TGA). Byly též provedeny vertikální testy retardéru hoření, a stanoveno limitní kyslíkové číslo (LOI), byl zkoumán UPF faktor (ochrana proti ultrafialovému záření), antibakteriální aktivita, samočisticí schopnost a stálost v praní. Vyvinuté vzorky vykazovaly vynikající výsledky pro samočištění, zpomalení hoření (tj. 39 mm délka spáleného vzorku, 0 s doba dohoření, 0 s doba dosvitu), 32,23 LOI, 143,76 UPF, 100% antibakteriální aktivita. Vyvinuté vzorky vykazovaly i dobrou stálost v praní. Dále byla měřena tuhost v ohybu, propustnost vzduchu a pevnost v tahu vyvinutých vzorků. Bylo prokázáno zvýšení ohybové tuhosti při současném snížení propustnosti vzduchu a pevnosti v tahu. Statistická analýza získaných dat ukázala, že všechny parametry procesu mají významný vliv na vlastnosti vyvinutých vzorků.
Cotton's unique qualities, such as hydrophilicity, biodegradability, durability, high dye-ability, and comparatively low cost, make it a popular textile fabric. However, in contemporary times, people desire cotton fabric to possess multifunctional qualities that can provide safety based on the work place environment and weather conditions. The demand in the market has shifted towards flame retardant, UV protection, self-cleaning, antibacterial, permanently stiff textiles, and extensive studies are being conducted in these fields. Nanoparticles (NPs), for example, zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), copper oxide (CuO), carbon nanotubes, silicon dioxide (SiO2), and silver (Ag), exhibit remarkable functional properties. Among the various nanoparticles, zinc oxide (ZnO) emerges as the most environmentally friendly and relatively cost-effective option. ZnO can be applied to diverse substrates, including textile polymers and fabrics. Researchers have utilized different approaches for the deposition of ZnO NPs onto the fabric surface, such as in-situ synthesis and ex-situ deposition. However wash durability of the coated fabric is of great concern, moreover environmentally friendly, ecological functionalization of fabrics is the main demand of the present era. The aim of the present research work is to develop a halogen and formaldehyde free ecological and durable flame retardant fabric along with multifunctional properties and to find the optimal conditions and parameters. In this research work, ZnO NPs were grown onto 100 % cotton fabric using the sonochemical method. Zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as precursors. After ZnO NPs growth N-Methylol dime-thylphosphonopropionamide (MDPA) flame retardant was applied in the presence of 1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as a cross linker and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) as a catalyst by conventional pad dry cure method. Induced coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was used to determine the deposited amount of Zn contents % and phosphorous (P) contents %. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to determine the surface morphology and characterization of developed samples. Furthermore, the thermal degradation of untreated sample and treated samples was investigated by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the vertical flame retardant test, limiting oxygen index (LOI), ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), antibacterial activity, self-cleaning ability, and wash durability of samples were examined. The developed samples showed excellent results for self- cleaning, flame retardancy (i.e. 39 mm char length, 0 second after flame time, 0 second after glow time), 32.23 LOI, 143.76 UPF, 100 % antibacterial activity. The developed samples showed good wash durability. Additionally, the bending rigidity, air permeability and tensile strength of the developed samples were measured. The developed samples showed an increase in bending rigidity while a decrease in air permeability and tensile strength. Statistical analysis of obtained data revealed that all process parameters have a significant effect on the properties of the developed samples.
Cotton's unique qualities, such as hydrophilicity, biodegradability, durability, high dye-ability, and comparatively low cost, make it a popular textile fabric. However, in contemporary times, people desire cotton fabric to possess multifunctional qualities that can provide safety based on the work place environment and weather conditions. The demand in the market has shifted towards flame retardant, UV protection, self-cleaning, antibacterial, permanently stiff textiles, and extensive studies are being conducted in these fields. Nanoparticles (NPs), for example, zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), copper oxide (CuO), carbon nanotubes, silicon dioxide (SiO2), and silver (Ag), exhibit remarkable functional properties. Among the various nanoparticles, zinc oxide (ZnO) emerges as the most environmentally friendly and relatively cost-effective option. ZnO can be applied to diverse substrates, including textile polymers and fabrics. Researchers have utilized different approaches for the deposition of ZnO NPs onto the fabric surface, such as in-situ synthesis and ex-situ deposition. However wash durability of the coated fabric is of great concern, moreover environmentally friendly, ecological functionalization of fabrics is the main demand of the present era. The aim of the present research work is to develop a halogen and formaldehyde free ecological and durable flame retardant fabric along with multifunctional properties and to find the optimal conditions and parameters. In this research work, ZnO NPs were grown onto 100 % cotton fabric using the sonochemical method. Zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as precursors. After ZnO NPs growth N-Methylol dime-thylphosphonopropionamide (MDPA) flame retardant was applied in the presence of 1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as a cross linker and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) as a catalyst by conventional pad dry cure method. Induced coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was used to determine the deposited amount of Zn contents % and phosphorous (P) contents %. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to determine the surface morphology and characterization of developed samples. Furthermore, the thermal degradation of untreated sample and treated samples was investigated by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the vertical flame retardant test, limiting oxygen index (LOI), ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), antibacterial activity, self-cleaning ability, and wash durability of samples were examined. The developed samples showed excellent results for self- cleaning, flame retardancy (i.e. 39 mm char length, 0 second after flame time, 0 second after glow time), 32.23 LOI, 143.76 UPF, 100 % antibacterial activity. The developed samples showed good wash durability. Additionally, the bending rigidity, air permeability and tensile strength of the developed samples were measured. The developed samples showed an increase in bending rigidity while a decrease in air permeability and tensile strength. Statistical analysis of obtained data revealed that all process parameters have a significant effect on the properties of the developed samples.
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Subject(s)
Zpomalovače hoření, antibakteriální, ZnO, nanočástice, oxidy kovů