Browsing by Author "Pacáková, Viera"
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- ItemFACTORS OF GENDER PAY GAP IN THE HIGHEST WAGES OF EMPLOYEES IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, ) Pacáková, Viera; Labudová, Viera; Sipková, Ľubica; Ekonomická fakultaThe article contains the results of empirical analysis of data on one percent of employees with the highest salaries in the Slovak Republic in 2020. The starting point for the analysis there is 11,570 anonymized individual values of average gross monthly wage and also personal data of the employees whose wage exceeded the 99th percentile of the sample survey The Informational System on Labour Costs, implemented in the Slovak Republic since 1992 by the company Trexima Bratislava. The aim of the article is to assess the gender pay gap for the best-earning men and women and assess the significance of the impact of selected factors that contribute it. Given the availability of data the monitored factors of the gender pay gap there are education, region of residence, the type of occupation, and the categorized age of employees. To achieve the objective, selected quantitative methods were used, namely methods of descriptive statistics and statistical inference, as goodness-of-fit tests, chi-squared tests of independence and machine learning methods, as normalized Shannon entropy and regression decision tree models. The results of analyses by these methods have been preferably presented in a graphical form. Based on the application of the above methods the significant wage differences by gender at the highest wages (over the 99th percentile of the sample) and significant impact of monitored factors has been confirmed not only on the gender pay gap, but also on the structure of their employment. The results of the analyses lead to the conclusion that the significant wage differences by gender at the highest wages are caused precisely by unequal representation of men and women on the different levels of the monitored factors. The obtained results are partially compared with the results of a similar analysis based on data from 2010 (Pacáková et al., 2012).
- ItemInequalities in health status depending on socio-economic situation in the European countries(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, 2018-06-28) Pacáková, Viera; Kopecká, Lucie; Ekonomická fakultaThere are a number of major studies which have demonstrated a clear link between socio-economic background (such as income or occupation) and health. The goal of this article is to assess and quantify inequalities in health status of inhabitants depending on socio-economic situation in European countries based on selected social and health indicators in two different periods. The earlier period is the year 2000, and the later period is the year 2015 or the most recent years. The results of the analysis based on multidimensional statistical methods should give an answer to the question as to whether and how strongly the socio-economic situation in the countries of Europe affects the health status of the population and how the situation has changed over the course of 15 years. In accordance with the stated objectives we have chosen 15 variables (source: WHO, OECD, Eurostat). These variables (indicators) together characterize the quality of life in terms of socio-economic situation and state of health of citizens in 22 selected European countries. The choice of countries was mainly influenced by the availability of data of the selected variables in the both years 2000 and 2015. According to the above mentioned goals of the article we have used factor analysis, cluster analysis and multidimensional comparative analysis methods on data sets of health and socio-economic indicators in the both years. The results of the application of these multidimensional statistical methods, their comparisons and comparisons over time can provide information on whether the targets of the European Commission and the OECD to reduce health inequalities, depending on the socio-economic situation in European countries, in the period from 2000 to 2015 have been achieved.
- ItemMultidimensional credibility model and its application(Technická Univerzita v Liberci, ) Pacáková, Viera; Šoltés, Erik; Linda, Bohdan; Ekonomická fakultaSolvency II project places emphasis on the modelling and management of risks of the insurance companies. This requires further improvement in actuarial methods and their application in insurance practice. Improving the quality of premium calculation methods is an effective factor in reducing the insurance technical risk of an insurer. Presentation the methods of premium calculation and its permanent updating is the aim of this article. Credibility theory is an experience rating technique to determine premiums, claim frequencies or claim sizes. Credibility models are based on the realistic concept of a heterogeneous insurance portfolio. Therefore, two sources of information are used in the calculation of the credibility estimators for the individual risk: typically little knowledge about the individual risk and quite extensive statistical information about entire portfolio. The most important model in the credibility theory is Bühlmann-Straub model. This model has a wide range of possibilities to be used in praxis mainly in general insurance. Besides that this model is a basis for other more specific models such as hierarchical, multidimensional or regression credibility models. In this article we deal with generalisation of one-dimensional Bühlmann-Straub credibility model to the multidimensional credibility model. We mainly focus on estimation of so-called structural parameters and usage of SAS Enterprise Guide application when estimating. The multidimensional Bühlmann-Straub credibility model is applied based the real data in motor vehicle third party liability insurance.